Results
#1. Lowest Layer of atmosphere is
#2. Height of Tropopause at equator is
#3. Height of Tropopause at poles is
#4. Higher the surface temperature_______ would be the tropopause
The height of the tropopause is controlled by the temperature of the air near the surface. The warmer the air, the higher the tropopause. The colder the air, the lower the tropopause. Generally over the poles, the tropopause can be between 8 -10 km and over the equator 16 – 18 km. Surface temperature variations due to latitude, season, land and sea, will all cause varying heights of the tropopause. For example in winter the tropopause is lower than in the summer.
#5. Height of tropopause
The height of the tropopause is controlled by the temperature of the air near the sur-¾ ¾ face. The warmer the air, the higher the tropopause. The colder the air, the lower the tropopause. Generally over the poles, the tropopause can be between 8 -10 km and over the equator 16 – 18 km. Surface temperature variations due to latitude, season, land and sea, will all cause varying heights of the tropopause. For example in winter the tropopause is lower than in the summer.
Since temperature decreases with height it goes to follow that the temperature at the tropopause is controlled by its height. The higher it is, the colder the temperature at the tropopause. The lower it is, the warmer the temperature at the tropopause. The temperature at the tropopause can be as high as -40°C over the poles and as low as -80°C over the equator. However, on average the tropopause is at about 11 km where its temperature is -56.5°C.
#6. Above 8 km the lower temperatures are over
Since temperature decreases with height it goes to follow that the temperature at the tropopause is controlled by its height. At poles tropopause stops at 8 km and temperature starts increasing , whereas at equator, where tropopause extends till 16 km above 8km temperature further reduces as per lapse rate
#7. Atmosphere is heated by
Solar radiation heats the ground and thaen Atmosphere is heated from the ground that is the reason why temperature reduces with height in troposphere
#8. Tropos means ______
#10. Troposphere is generally
Most of the water vapour is in the troposphere because of which there are weather creating clouds and hence troposphere is unstable
#11. Stratosphere is ______
Because of the presence of low humidity and no weather stratosphere is stable
#12. Tropopause is discontinuous at about
There are two regions where tropopause abruptly changes height called brakes or folds at about 40° latitude and 60° latitude ,break at 40° latitude is more prominent
#13. Most of atmospheric mass is contained in
#14. Stratosphere extends from Tropopause to
#15. The middle atmosphere layer with temperature inversion and stability
Inversion means increase in temperature with height
it occurs due to uv ray absorption by ozone
The weather is stable in stratosphere due low humidity
#16. Mother of Pearl clouds occur in
Remember
N in M
noctilucent clouds in mesosphere
M in S
mother of pearl clouds (nacreous)in Stratosphere
#17. The temperature of ISA at 17km is
Stratosphere starts from tropopause and ends up till 5 km in the initial 8 to 10 km is temperature is constant that is -56.5°C
#18. By weight, approximate ratio of O² and N² in the atmosphere is
remember W3 for weight
and. V4 for volume
#19. By volume, the approximate ratio of O² to N² in the atmosphere is
remember W3 for weight
and. V4 for volume
#20. By volume, the proportion of CO² in the atmosphere is
#21. In ISA, the mean sea level temperature is
The ICAO ISA is defined as follows:-
a MSL temperature of 15°C
a MSL pressure of 1013.25 hPa
a MSL density of 1225 g/m3
a lapse rate of 0.65°C/100m (1.98° C /1000 ft) up to 11 km (36,090 ft)
a constant temperature of -56.5°C from 11 km (36,090ft) to 20 km (65,617 ft)
an increase of temperature 0.1°C/100m (0.3°C /1000 ft), from 20 km (65,617ft) to 32 km (104,987 ft)
#22. Maximum concentration of ozone is at a height of
Ozone forms in the upper atmosphere it absorbs the ultraviolet radiation from the sun and raises temperature .O3 molecules then become heavier and sink and accumulate in the lower levels ozone protects us from the ill effects of UV radiation appreciable 03 is found between 10 and 50 km with maximum concentration at 20 to 25 km
#23. Additional oxygen is needed while flying above
Due to the rapid reduction of oxygen with height ,supplementary oxygen is needed at 10,000 feet
#24. CO² and H²O keep the atmosphere
Water vapour CO2 ,03 ,methane and some other gases are transparent to solar radiation but they partially absorb terrestrial radiation and re radiate them thus keeping the earth warmer hence greenhouse gases
#25. Noctilucent clouds occur in
Remember
N in M
noctilucent clouds in mesosphere
M in S
mother of pearl clouds (nacreous)in Stratosphere
#26. Temperature at 2 km is 05°C what is ISA deviation. Hint: (Actual – ISA)
As per ISA conditions lapse rate is 2°C per thousand feet of climb
or 6.5°C per thousand metre
at 2 km reduction should be 15°-13°=2°C
but it is 5°C
which is high by 3°
#27. Pressure at MSL is 1002.25 hPa. Find the ISA deviation Hint: (Actual-ISA)
Pressure should be 1013.25
but there is deviation is by -11
#28. In actual atmosphere temp. at 19 km is -60°C. Find the ISA deviation?
in Lower stratosphere temperature is -56.5°
but it is -60° C
hence deviation by 3.5°
#29. Nacreous clouds occur in
Remember
N in M
noctilucent clouds in mesosphere
M in S
mother of pearl clouds (nacreous)in Stratosphere
#30. The atmosphere up to 80 km has a nearly similar composition and is called the Homosphere. Its uniform composition is due to
#31. Half of the atmospheric air mass is contained _____ below
#32. In jet standard atmosphere the Lapse Rate is
#33. The rate of fall of temperatures with height, called
#34. In actual atmosphere the lapse rate could
#35. Tropical Tropopause extends from the equator to Lat.35° – 40°. Over India it is at
Tropical tropopause is usually at 100 Hpa level it extends from the equator to latitude 35° to 40° over India it is found that about 16 to 16.5 km
#36. Lapse rate in the troposphere is produced by _____ and in the stratosphere by ______
Solar radiation heats the ground and then Atmosphere is heated from the ground that is the reason why temperature reduces with height in troposphere
Negative lapse rate in stratosphere:
Inversion means increase in temperature with height
it occurs due to uv ray absorption by ozone
#37. Most of the water vapour in the atmosphere is confined up to
#38. Negative lapse rate of temperature is
Inversion means increase in temperature with height
it occurs due to uv ray absorption by ozone
#39. In ICAO ISA the atmosphere is assumed to be isothermal
Temperature seizes to reduce above tropopause and remains constant in the lower stratosphere
(11-20)km
there after inversion occurs
#40. One of the characteristics of our atmosphere is
Air is bad conductor of because its molecules aren’t in continuous contact with one another like solids
#41. Heat transfer in the atmosphere is maximum due to
Heat transfer in the troposphere is mostly because of latent heat I.e condensation sublimation evaporation
#42. The knowledge of the height of tropopause is important for a pilot because
Most of the atmosphere is confined below the tropopause 90% of the water vapour is in the troposphere , and most of the weather causing clouds are formed in the troposphere
#43. In ISA atmosphere the tropopause occurs at a height of
The ICAO ISA is defined as follows:-
a MSL temperature of 15°C
a MSL pressure of 1013.25 hPa
a MSL density of 1225 g/m3
a lapse rate of 0.65°C/100m (1.98° C /1000 ft) up to 11 km (36,090 ft)
a constant temperature of -56.5°C from 11 km (36,090ft) to 20 km (65,617 ft)
an increase of temperature 0.1°C/100m (0.3°C /1000 ft), from 20 km (65,617ft) to 32 km (104,987 ft)
As you can see above that temperature remains constant above 11 km and there is no lapse rate , the tropopause in isa is at 11 km
#44. Most of the transfer of heat in the atmosphere is due to
#45. There is reversal of temperature in the atmosphere at 8 km because
Since temperature decreases with height it goes to follow that the temperature at the tropopause is controlled by its height. At poles tropopause stops at 8 km and temperature starts increasing , whereas at equator, where tropopause extends till 16 km above 8km temperature further reduces as per lapse rate